Latest Results The latest content available from Springer//www.pasomama.com Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Mass Load on Flight Performance of an Octorotor and Dodecarotor UAV 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">In this study, the flight performance of a universal Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with 12 and 8 rotors was examined under load and no-load conditions. Thanks to its universal structure, experimental studies with 8 and 12 rotor UAVs were performed on the same platform and under the same conditions. In addition, the controller parameters were kept the same for both vehicle types in order to observe the effect of the mass load only. Hierarchical PID controllers are used as the controller architecture to control the orientation and position of the both vehicles. The flight performance of both vehicles was examined in three stages as take-off, trajectory and landing. Settling time, rise time parameters and position errors were used to benchmark the flight performance of the both vehicles. The results show that the performance of the 12-rotor vehicle is superior, especially in terms of trajectory tracking performance although the take-off and landing performance is very close to each other for both vehicles. This was observed more clearly under load conditions.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-79168-1_8 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-79168-1_8 设计过程的一个可安装的玩具基于总Design and User Centered Design Methodologies 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">In this work we start from the idea that an isolated design methodology cannot be used with the purpose of simultaneously ensure usability outcomes and technical feasibility results. Since mountable toys are among the most used by young children nowadays, they were chosen to be the product that serves to validate how to apply a hybrid design method, using both User Centered Design and Total Design methodologies combined in an orderly and systematic process that can be replicated in future product design or redesign processes that seek, at the same time, to generate desirable products that match the needs of users, and that meet functionality standards.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_9 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_9 Multi-objective Optimization of Ergonomics and Productivity by Using an Optimization Framework 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">Simulation technologies are widely used in industry as they enable efficient creation, testing, and optimization of the design of products and production systems in virtual worlds, rather than creating, testing, and optimizing prototypes in the physical world. In an industrial production context, simulation of productivity and ergonomics helps companies to find and realize optimized solutions that uphold profitability, output, quality, and worker well-being in their production facilities. However, these two types of simulations are typically carried out using separate software, used by different users, with different objectives. This easily causes silo effects, leading to slow development processes and sub-optimal solutions. This paper reports on research related to the realization of an optimization framework that enables the concurrent optimization of aspects relating to both ergonomics and productivity. The framework is meant to facilitate the inclusion of Ergonomics 4.0 in the Industry 4.0 revolution.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_46 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_46 A Conceptual Framework of DHM Enablers for Ergonomics 4.0 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">Industry 4.0 lends itself to an ecosystem of human factors and ergonomics (HFE) related new concepts, such as Mining 4.0, Safety 4.0, Operator 4.0 and Ergonomics 4.0 which we studied here. Industry 4.0 refers to system elements such as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality (AR/VR), connections through the Internet of Things (IoT) and storage on Cloud Platforms (CP) to facilitate Cognitive Computing (CC) analysis and knowledge extraction. While the Industry 4.0 concept is centred around data, it also provides a platform to integrate the human operator with other elements of a system. Industry 4.0 and Ergonomics thus appear integrated and suggest the development of an Ergonomics 4.0 concept. This study searched and reviewed publications focusing on the enablers of Ergonomics 4.0. We identified their main elements and relationships with a focus on Digital Human Modelling (DHM). We systemized, clustered and synthesized the reviewed information and generated a taxonomy of Ergonomics 4.0 under the lens of digital human modelling using semantic analysis. We conclude that Ergonomics 4.0 is an essential part of Industry 4.0 and that DHM is a key enabler for Ergonomics 4.0.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_50 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_50 Introduction 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">This introduction chapter provides an initial outline of quality assessment and prediction for telecommunications systems and services, before leading up to the core topic of the present book, namely, the impact of varying speech transmission quality on human information processing, examined on multiple levels of analysis.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-71389-8_1 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-71389-8_1 A User Study to Evaluate the Customization of Automatically Generated GUIs 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">Graphical User Interface (GUI) development is time-consuming and error-prone. Hence, automated GUI generation from higher-level interaction design models may become more and more important . In particular, automated generation can help with interface design prototyping. The usability of fully-automatically generated GUIs is considered unsatisfactory, however. Manual changes to the generated GUI itself would need to be made persistent. Hence, we proposed customization rules on a higher level of abstraction, and changes of style sheets. This paper presents a new user study on whether this kind of customization can actually improve generated GUIs. This study achieved statistically significant results that the adjusted task time of the customized version is less than that of the fully-automatically generated one. The subjective results indicated that attractiveness and wording were improved through customization.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_85 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_85 A Motion Capture System for Hand Movement Recognition 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">One of the most frequently-used body regions in daily activities is the upper limbs, and many of the work-related musculoskeletal disorders occur in this area, mainly the hands. We highlight the importance of studying hand movements executed at work, and how they affect workers’ health and productivity. Data were collected from a hand-motion capture system conformed by six inertial measurement units and six resistive force sensors from hand and fingers movements. Two common hand movements were analyzed using wrist flexion-extension with a small (−15° to 15°) and medium (<−15° and >15°) range of motion and flexion-extension movement with the hand pronated-supinated. Data were classified by traditional methods. A more complex movement involving a 3-finger spherical grip was also recorded. It was found that the lectures from the six inertial sensors and the six force resistive sensors showed a pattern that facilitates the recognition of basic and more complex movements (flexion-extension and spheric handgrip) through visual analysis of the plotted data, even at different ranges of motion.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_13 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_13 Metrology Information in Cyber-Physical Systems 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">The implementation of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) applied across the manufacturing value chain helps to make processes more efficient since CPS enable the creation of more personalized, diversified and mass-produced products. This paper addresses the challenges of integrating Dimensional Measurement Equipments in a CPS manufacturing system, often addressed as Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS). CPS and Industry 4.0 represent an opportunity for metrology. The challenge is to design a CPPS, considering the metrology information required to provide value-added services to the manufacturing system. The use of open information models and established standards will be addressed to enable data to flow seamlessly from the physical layer (measuring devices) to the cyber layer of a CPPS, mainly focusing on the Quality Information Framework (QIF) information model.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-79168-1_26 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-79168-1_26 Dutch Auction Based Approach for Task/Resource Allocation 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">The introduction of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in the industry through the digitalization of equipment, also known as Digital Twins, allows for a more customized production. Due to high market fluctuation, the implementation of a CPS should guarantee a high flexibility in both hardware and software levels to achieve a high responsiveness of the system. The software reconfiguration, specifically, introduces a question: “With heterogeneous equipment with different capabilities - namely processing and memory capabilities - where a certain software module should execute?”; that question fits on the task/resource allocation area applied to CPS software reconfiguration. Although in task allocation issue several approaches address such a problem, only a few of them focus on CPS resources optimization. Given that, an approach based on the Dutch Auction algorithm is proposed, implemented at the CPS level enables the software reconfiguration of the CPS according to the existing equipment resources. This approach, besides the optimization of the CPS resources and the energy consumption, transforms the CPS in more reliable and fault-tolerant systems. As shown by the results, despite the demonstration of its suitability in task/resource allocation problems in decentralized architectures, the proposed approach also as a major advantage of quickly finding a near-optimal solution.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-79168-1_30 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-79168-1_30 Stapler Anvil Groove Profile Optimization 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">Staplers are tools that commonly use staples to perforate and join sheets of paper or fabric. The staple, first, punches the paper or fabric and then folds in contact with a solid surface of an anvil. This work aims to develop an optimized rigid anvil to reduce the maximum force required during staple folding for stapling between 2 and 25 sheets of paper. A commercial stapler is used as a case study. Force curves for stapling 0 to 25 sheets of paper in intervals of 5 sheets were measured for this stapler and the maximum forces are always found to occur during the folding of the staple legs. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) models were developed and fitted to real results to be used in an optimization job of the anvil groove profile. An asymmetric anvil is proposed capable of stapling between 2 and 25 sheets of paper in good conditions and indicates that an asymmetric anvil has potential to reduce maximum forces during folding. Results show a reduction of 32% on maximum force for stapling 25 sheets when compared with the commercial stapler anvil and maximum forces are only 8% higher than the maximum forces for paper punching. For fewer sheets the reduction in maximum force lessens and stapling 2 sheets of paper with the proposed anvil results in an increase of 23% in maximum force. However, the maximum forces are still less the less sheets are stapler, therefore, the proposed anvil reduces the overall maximum forces required for the entire system.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-79165-0_37 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-79165-0_37 An Approach to Ship Equipment Maintenance Management 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">Ships can navigate several months on sea. Maintenance and supply are the base for ship successful navigation and mission. Every type of equipment should have a maintenance plan. If it is a corrective maintenance plan, some risks are inherent. This study pursues a Management Maintenance System considering minimal costs, where the best equipment availability and performance is the objective. For this work, an air compressor was chosen as study case from a ship and considered three study stages. The first stage consisted of the definition of evaluation criteria and its meaningfulness. The data treatment from the first stage can provide enough information to define the second stage’s maintenance methodology decision. Also, the decision-making itself based on the process is the third stage. The development of decision-making methodology for maintenance management was based on a Fuzzy method considering a Risk-Based Maintenance on ship equipment.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-79165-0_41 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-79165-0_41 A Human-Centered Design Procedure for Conceptualization Using Virtual Reality Prototyping Applied in an Inflight Lavatory 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">For designing large-scale products like an airplane, engaging end-users in the concept phase is difficult. However, early user evaluation is important to choose the path which fits the user’s needs best. In particular, comfort-related assessments are difficult to conduct with digital models that are shown on a desktop PC application. Digital Human Modelling (DHM) plays a role in postural comfort analysis, while the subjective comfort feedback still largely relied on consulting with end-users.

This paper applies a human-centered design process and analyses the advantages and disadvantages of using VR prototypes for involving users during concept design. This study focused on using VR prototypes for concept selection and verification based on comfort assessment with potential end-users.

The design process started with an online questionnaire for identifying the quality of the design elements (Step 1 online study). Then, alternative concepts were implemented in VR, and users evaluated these concepts via a VR headset (Step 2 Selection study). Finally, the research team redesigned the final concept and assessed it with potential users via a VR headset (Step 3 Experience study).

Every design element contributed positively to the long-haul flight comfort, especially tap-basin height, storage, and facilities. The male and female participants had different preferences on posture, lighting, storage, and facilities. The final prototype showed a significantly higher comfort rate than the original prototypes.

The first-person immersion in VR headsets helps to identify the nuances between concepts, thus supports better decision-making via collecting richer and more reliable user feedback to make faster and more satisfying improvements.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_48 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_48 Digital Production Planning of Manual and Semi-automatic Tasks in Industry Using the EMA Software Suite 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">The 3D planning software EMA offers a combined approach which takes into account the factory planning level and the detailed planning at the single work station level. Ema Work Designer supports digital production planning, prospective ergonomics and productivity assessment by providing a more efficient and accurate approach to 3D human simulation of manual and semi-automatic tasks at the micro level. Additionally, the new module EMA Plant Designer allows to include entire factories and production lines for evaluation of lead time, production costs, material flow, buffer position, space and layout at the macro level. An application example shows that ergonomic and productivity design don’t contradict each other, if they are considered early in the design phase in one common software system. Many practical experiences suggest that this approach facilitates cooperation between different business units that are traditionally separated, such as factory/facility planning, manufacturing engineering, industrial engineering, production, and health & safety.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_52 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_52 Speech Quality Assessment 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">The present book aims at developing a multi-method, “process-oriented” assessment approach for testing effects of varying speech transmission quality on information processing in human listeners. In addition to methods for conventional subjective speech quality assessment, this chapter introduces more recently employed behavioral and neurophysiological techniques and paradigms. Afterward, those different method classes are compared in view of several measurement criteria.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-71389-8_3 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-71389-8_3 Explainable AI for Entertainment: Issues on Video on Demand Platforms 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">With the proliferation of Artificial Intelligence-based systems, several questions arise involving ethical principles. In addition, the human-centered approach takes the focus on the user experience with these systems and studies user needs. A growing issue is the relationship between the transparency of these systems and the trust of users, since most systems are considered black-boxes. In this scenario, the Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) emerges, with the proposal to explain the rationale of the decision making of the algorithms. XAI then starts to gain space in systems that involve high risk, such as health. Our research aims to discuss the importance of transparency to improve the user experience with recommendation mechanisms for entertainment, such as Video on Demand (VoD) platforms. In addition, we intent to raise the adjacent consequences of including XAI, such as improving the control and trust of VoD platforms. For this, we conducted an exploratory research method named Directed Storytelling. The study was conducted with thirty-one participants, all users of VoD platforms, regardless of time and frequency of use of this kind of systems. We note that people understand that there is an automated mechanism making recommendations for content in a personalized way for them, based on their browsing history, but the rules are not explicit. Thus, many users are suspicious of being manipulated by the system’s recommendations and resort to external recommendations, such as tips from third parties or Internet searches through specialized channels.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_87 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_87 Making Tax eForms Less Taxing—Comparing Evaluation Measures of User-Experience, Usability, and Acceptance in Public Sector eForms 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">eForms have become a means to decrease workload and processing speed in the public sector. As eForms go beyond simply “digitally replacing” analogue systems, their potential is not yet exhausted. However, to systematically improve eForms, appropriate tools to tailor eForms to user needs and evaluate their usability are required. The objective of this paper is to develop and evaluate a user experience questionnaire for eForms. We introduce the eForms User Experience Scale (EFUXS), which is based on the psychological needs aspect of Self-Determination Theory and its three facets (competence, autonomy, and relatedness). To assess the validity of EFUXS, its results were compared with well-known usability (System Usability Scale; Brooke, 1996) and acceptance (simple acceptance scale, van der Laan, 1997) measures. In an online study with a randomized within-subject design, university students (N = 60) evaluated their experience with two versions of the same registration form. These forms were designed to implement the best practices from a governmental guide on eForms or their inverse (“worst practices”). All three scales were able to differentiate between “good” and “bad” tax-form versions. The item-analysis of the EFUXS showed acceptable to excellent internal consistency, item difficulty, and discrimination. The scale correlated with the two comparison measures, indicating convergent validity, while offering additional insights into psychological need fulfilment. This study suggests the viability of the EFUXS as a user experience measure and highlights advantages in its use to improve eForms.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_91 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_91 Effects of a Back-Support Exoskeleton on Pelvis-Thorax Kinematics and Coordination During Lifting 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">We assessed the effects of a commercially available passive back support exoskeleton device on pelvis thorax kinematics and coordination. Eight male participants performed randomized block trials of 8 freestyle, symmetrical lifting tasks of a 13 kg container with or without use of the device. We obtained whole body kinematic data using an inertial motion capture system. We used Principal component analysis (PCA) to discern angular position and velocity waveform variations between conditions and assessed inter-segmental coordination using continuous relative phase measures. For joint angular position, only 1 PC exhibited statistical significance across conditions. This PC, which explained 10% of the loading vector variation, was interpreted as a phase shift feature. For joint angular velocity profiles, 2 PCs statistically differed between conditions. We interpreted these PCs as local magnitude difference features, particularly at the initial portion of the lift cycle. We did not detect a significant main effect of device usage or lifting phase on pelvis-thorax coordination. Our preliminary results suggest that use of a passive back support exoskeleton changes joint kinematics, but not inter-segment coordination during performance of a lifting task. These results may help understand device usability and interaction.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_15 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_15 Reliability of Replicated Distributed Control Systems Applications Based on IEC 61499 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">The use of industrial and domestic equipment is increasingly dependent on computerized control systems. This evolution awakens in the users the feeling of reliability of the equipment, which is not always achieved. However, system designers implement fault-tolerance methodologies and attributes to eliminate faults or any error in the system.

Industrially, the increase in system reliability is achieved by the redundancy of control systems based on the replication of conventional and centralized programmable logic controllers. In distributed systems, reliability is achieved by replicating and distributing the most critical elements, leaving a single copy of the remaining components. On the other hand, given the nature of the distributed systems, it will also be necessary to ensure that the data set received by each of the replicas has the same order. Thus, any change in the order and data set received will result in different results, in each of the replicas, which may manifest in erroneous behavior.

In this paper, the interactions and the erroneous behavior of the replicas are explained, depending on the data set received, in a fault tolerant distributed system. Its tendency, behavior and possible influences on reliability are presented, considering the failure rate and availability based on the mean time to failure.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-79168-1_28 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-79168-1_28 Model of Acquiring Transversal Competences Among Students on the Example of the Analysis of Communication Competences 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">The article presents a model of a method of accelerating the acquisition of transversal competences by students, based on the example of communication competences. The analysis uses the MARS method to create the best model describing the impact of various variables on accelerating the acquisition of communication competences. The following variables were taken into account: the rank of the training method in the developed matrix, the number of students and the weighted average acceleration rate of acquiring the remaining transversal competences, i.e. teamwork, entrepreneurship and creativity of a given student. The results confirm that our new method accelerates the acquisition of transversal competences by students. This method can be used by various higher education institutions in different countries. The developed results can be used in the curriculum of already planned vocational courses and to develop the skills required by employers in various positions and in different professions.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-79168-1_32 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-79168-1_32 Influence of Hand Sanitisers on the Friction Properties of the Finger Skin Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic 抽象< h3 class = " a-plus-plus " > < / h3 > < =“- p类plus-plus">The recent COVID-19 pandemic involved in increased hand hygiene to prevent virus transmission. There are a lot of hand hygiene products available on the market but if are frequently used they may alter skin barrier integrity and function. This aspect can be important in daily living activities that involve gripping, feeling and manipulating objects. In this paper the authors studied the influence of the frequently hand disinfection on the friction behavior of the finger skin. Commercially available alcohol-based hand sanitisers were used to perform repeated skin disinfection and the coefficient of friction (COF) was measured on three healthy subjects by using a steel cylinder laterally sliding on the finger tip skin. The preliminary results showed that for all test subjects the coefficient of friction significantly decrease, up to 50%, when frequently hand sanitisers are used compared to daily “dry” skin condition.

//www.pasomama.com/10.1007/978-3-030-79165-0_39 2022-01-01 10.1007/978-3-030-79165-0_39